Pangasinan language

The Pangasinan language (Pangasinan: Salitan Pangasinan; Spanish: Idioma pangasinense) is one of the twelve major languages in the Philippines.

The language is spoken by more than one and a half million Pangasinan people (indigenous speakers) in the province of Pangasinan alone. Pangasinan is also spoken in other Pangasinan communities in the Philippines, and by Pangasinan immigrants in the United States. Pangasinan is the primary language in the province of Pangasinan, located on the west central area of the island of Luzon along the Lingayen Gulf. It is the official regional language in the province of Pangasinan, with a total population of the province of 2,434,086 (National Statistics Office: 2000 Census).

Classification

The Pangasinan language belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian languages family. ^[2][3] Pangasinan is similar to the Tagalog and Ilocano languages that are spoken in the Philippines, Indonesian in Indonesia, Malay in Malaysia, and Malagasy in Madagascar.^[4] The Pangasinan language is very closely related to the Ibaloi language spoken in the neighboring province of Benguet and Baguio City, located north of Pangasinan. The Pangasinan language is classified under the Pangasinic group of languages. The Pangasinic languages are:

• Pangasinan
• Ibaloi
• Karao
• I-wak
• Kalanguya
• Keley-I
• Kallahan
• Kayapa
• Tinoc

The Pangasinic languages are spoken primarily in the provinces of Pangasinan and Benguet, and in some areas of the neighboring provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, and Ifugao.

Pangasinan is an agglutinative language.

Distribution

Pangasinan is the primary language of the province of Pangasinan, located on the west central area of the island of Luzon along Lingayen Gulf. The people of Pangasinan are also referred to as Pangasinan. The province has a total population of 2,343,086 (2000), of which 1.5 million speak Pangasinan. Speakers of the language are concentrated mostly in central Pangasinan. Pangasinan is spoken in other Pangasinan communities in the Philippines, mostly in the neighboring provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, and Benguet.

History

Austronesian-language speakers settled in Maritime Southeast Asia during prehistoric times, perhaps more than 5,000 years ago. The indigenous speakers of the Pangasinan language are descended from these prehistoric settlers, who were probably part of the prehistoric human migration that is widely believed to have originated from Southern China via Taiwan about 100 to 200 thousand years ago.

The word Pangasinan, means “land of salt” or “place of salt-making”; it is derived from the root word asin, the word for "salt" in the Pangasinan language. Pangasinan could also refer to a “container of salt or salted-products”; it refers to the ceramic jar for storage of salt or salted-products or its contents.

Grammar

Sentence Structure

Like other Malayo-Polynesian languages, Pangasinan language has a Verb–Subject–Object word order. Pangasinan language is agglutinative language.

Pronouns

Personal

Affixes

a:-UM-

MAKAN-, AKAN-

PINAGKA-

INKA-

KA

KA-AN

-AN

SAN-

SANKA-

SANKA-AN

MA-

MAY-

MAY-EN

MANKA-, ANKA-, MANGA-

KI-AN

INKI-

KI-

NA-AN, A-AN

NI-AN

EN-

-IN-

I-

I-AN

IN-

INY-

IN-AN

Numbers

List of numbers from one to ten in English, Tagalog , Ilokano and Pangasinan.

Cardinal Numbers:

Ordinal Numbers:

Ordinal numbers are formed with prefix KUMA- (KA- plus infix -UM). Example: kumadua, second.

Associative Numbers:

Associative numbers are formed with prefix KA-. Example: katlo, third of a group of three.

Fractions:

Fraction numbers are formed with prefix KA- and an associative number. Example: kakatlo, third part.

Multiplicatives:

Multiplicative ordinal numbers are formed with prefix PI- and a cardinal number from two to four or PIN- for other numbers except for number one. Example: kaisa, first time; pidua, second time; pinlima, fifth time.

Multiplicative cardinal numbers are formed with prefix MAN- (MAMI- or MAMIN- for present or future tense, and AMI- or AMIN- for the past tense) to the corresponding multiplicative ordinal number. Example: aminsan, once; amidua, twice; mamitlo, thrice.

Distributives:

Distributive cardinal numbers are formed with prefixes SAN-, TAG-, or TUNGGAL and a cardinal number. Example: sansakey, one each; sanderua, two each.

Distributive multiplicative numbers are formed with prefix MAGSI-, TUNGGAL, or BALANGSAKEY and a multiplicative cardinal number. Example: tunggal pamidua, twice each; magsi-pamidua, each twice.

Phonology

Traditional Pangasinan has fifteen consonants: p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ng, s, h, w, l, r and y. There are five vowels: a, e, i, o, and u. This is one of the Philippine languages which is excluded from [ɾ]-[d] allophone. Modern Pangasinan has incorporated from English and Spanish the following seven consonants: c, f, j, q, v, x, and z.

Alphabet

Modern Pangasinan consists of 27 letters, which include the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet and the Pangasinan letter NG:

Swadesh list in English and Pangasinan

English - Pangasinan

1. I - siak, ak
2. you (singular) - sika, ka
3. he - sikato (he/she), to
4. we - sikami, kami, mi, sikatayo, tayo, sikata, ta
5. you (plural) - sikayo, kayo, yo
6. they - sikara, ra
7. this - aya
8. that - aman, atan
9. here - dia
10. there - diman, ditan
11. who - siopa, opa, si
12. what - anto, a
13. where - iner
14. when - kapigan, pigan
15. how - pano, panon
16. not - ag, andi, aleg, aliwa
17. all - amin
18. many - amayamay, dakel
19. some - pigara (piga ira)
20. few - daiset, melag
21. other - arom
22. one - isa, sakey
23. two - dua, duara
24. three - talo, talora (talo ira)
25. four - apat, apatira (apat ira)
26. five - lima, limara (lima ira)
27. big - baleg
28. long - andokey
29. wide - maawang, malapar
30. thick - makapal
31. heavy - ambelat
32. small - melag, melanting, tingot, daiset
33. short - melag, melanting, tingot, antikey, kulang, abeba
34. narrow - mainget
35. thin - mabeng, maimpis
36. woman - bii
37. man (adult male) - laki, bolog
38. man (human being) - too
39. child - ogaw, anak, ilalak (offspring)
40. wife - asawa, kaamong, akolaw
41. husband - asawa, kaamong, masiken
42. mother - ina
43. father - ama
44. animal - ayep
45. fish - sira
46. bird - billit, (chick) sibong, siwsiw
47. chicken - manok
48. dog - asu
49. louse - kotu
50. snake - oleg
51. worm - biges, alumbayar
52. tree - kiew, tanem
53. forest - kakiewan, katakelan
54. stick - bislak, bolawit
55. fruit - bonga
56. seed - bokel
57. leaf - bolong
58. root - lamut
59. skin of a fruit - obak
60. flower - rosas
61. grass - dika
62. rope - singer, lubir, taker
63. skin - baog, katat
64. meat - laman
65. blood - dala
66. bone - pokel
67. fat (n.) - mataba, taba
68. egg - iknol
69. horn - saklor
70. tail - ikol
71. feather - bagu
72. hair - buek
73. head - olu
74. ear - layag
75. eye - mata
76. nose - eleng
77. mouth - sangi
78. tooth - ngipen
79. tongue - dila
80. fingernail - kuku
81. foot - sali
82. leg - bikking, bitking
83. knee - pueg
84. hand - lima
85. wing - payak
86. belly - eges
87. guts - pait
88. neck - beklew
89. back - beneg
90. breast - suso
91. chest - pagew
92. heart - puso
93. liver - altey
94. drink - inom
95. eat - mangan, akan, kamot
96. bite - ketket
97. suck - supsup, suso
98. spit - lutda, lupda
99. vomit - uta
100. blow - sibuk
101. breathe - engas, ingas, dongap, linawa
102. laugh - elek
103. see - nengneng
104. hear - dengel
105. know - amta, kabat
106. think - nonot
107. smell - angob, amoy
108. fear - takot, takut
109. sleep - ogip
110. life - bilay
111. die - onpatey, patey
112. kill - manpatey, pateyen
113. fight - laban, kolkol, bakal
114. hunt - managnop, anop, manerel
115. hit - tira, nakna, pekpek
116. cut - tegteg, sugat
117. split - pisag, puter, paldua
118. stab - saksak, doyok, torok
119. scratch - gogo, dapigas, korkor
120. dig - kotkot
121. swim - langoy
122. fly (v.) - tekyab
123. walk - akar
124. come - gala, gali, onsabi, sabi
125. lie - dokol (lie down)
126. sit - yorong
127. stand - alagey
128. turn - liko, telek
129. fall - pelag
130. give - iter, itdan
131. hold - benben
132. squeeze - pespes
133. rub - kuskos, gorgor
134. wash - oras
135. wipe - punas
136. pull - goyor
137. push - tolak
138. throw - topak
139. tie - singer
140. sew - dait
141. count - bilang
142. say - ibaga
143. sing - kansyon
144. sound - togtog
145. play - galaw
146. float - letaw
147. flow - agos
148. freeze - kigtel
149. swell - larag
150. sun - agew, banua, ugto (noon)
151. moon - bulan
152. star - bitewen
153. water - danum
154. rain - uran
155. river - ilog, kalayan
156. lake - ilog, look
157. sea - dayat
158. salt - asin
159. stone - bato
160. sand - buer
161. dust - dabuk
162. earth - dalin
163. cloud - lurem
164. fog - kelpa
165. sky - tawen
166. wind - dagem
167. snow - linew
168. ice - pakigtel
169. hard - tukel
170. smoke - asiwek, asewek
171. fire - apuy, pool, dalang, sinit
172. ashes - dapol
173. burn - pool
174. road - dalan,(other dialects) basbas, polong
175. mountain - palandey
176. stink - ampaseng, ambanget
177. red - ambalanga
178. green - ampasiseng, pasiseng, maeta, eta
179. yellow - duyaw
180. white - amputi, puti
181. black - andeket, deket
182. night - labi
183. day - agew
184. year - taon
185. warm - ampetang, petang
186. cold - ambetel, betel
187. full - naksel, napno
188. new - balo
189. old - daan
190. good - duga, maong, abig
191. bad - aliwa, mauges
192. rotten - abolok, bolok
193. dirty - maringot, dingot, marutak, dutak
194. straight - maptek, petek
195. round - malimpek, limpek
196. sharp - matdem, tarem
197. dull - epel, purel
198. smooth - patad
199. wet - ambasa, basa
200. dry - amaga, maga
201. correct - duga, tua
202. near - asinger, abay
203. far - arawi, biek (other side)
204. right - kawanan
205. left - kawigi
206. at - ed
207. in - ed
208. with - iba
209. and - tan
210. if - no
211. because - ta, lapu ed
212. name - ngaran
213. none - anggapo
214. there is - wa, wala
215. what - anto
216. which - dinan
217. wherever - iner man

Orthography

The ancient people of Pangasinan used an indigenous writing system. The ancient Pangasinan script, which is related to the Tagalog Baybayin script, was derived from the Javanese Kawi script of Indonesia and the Vatteluttu or Pallava script of South India.

The Latin alphabet was introduced during the Spanish colonial period. Pangasinan literature, using the indigenous syllabary and the Latin alphabet, continued to flourish during the Spanish and American colonial period. Pangasinan acquired many Spanish and English words, and some indigenous words were Hispanicized or Anglicized. However, use of the ancient syllabary has declined, and not much literature written in it has survived.

Pangasinan Literature

The Pangasinan language was preserved and kept alive despite the propagation of the Spanish and English languages. Pangasinan written and oral literature flourished during the Spanish and American period. Writers like Juan Saingan, Felipe Quintos, Narciso Corpus, Antonio Solis, Juan Villamil, Juan Mejia, and María C. Magsano continued to write and publish in Pangasinan. Felipe Quintos, a Pangasinan officer of the Katipunan, wrote Sipi Awaray: Gelew Diad Pilipinas (Revolucion Filipina), a history of the Katipunan revolutionary struggle in Pangasinan and surrounding provinces. Narciso Corpus and Antonio Solis co-wrote Impanbilay na Manoc a Tortola, a short love story. Juan Villamil translated José Rizal's Mi Ultimo Adios in Pangasinan. Pablo Mejia edited Tunong, a news magazine, in the 1920s. Mejia also wrote Bilay tan Kalkalar nen Rizal, a biography of Rizal. Magsano published Silew, a literary magazine. Magsano also wrote Samban Agnabenegan, a romance novel. Pangasinan Courier published articles and literary works in Pangasinan. Pioneer Herald published Sinag, a literary supplement in Pangasinan. Many Christian publications in Pangasinan are widely available.

Many Pangasinans are multilingual and proficient in English; Tagalog, the national language of the Philippines; and Ilokano, a neighboring language. However, the spread and influence of the other languages is contributing to the decline of the Pangasinan language. Some Pangasinans are promoting the use of Pangasinan in the print and broadcast media, Internet, local governments, courts, and schools in Pangasinan. In April 2006, the creation of Pangasinan Wikipedia was proposed, which the Wikimedia Foundation approved for publication in the Internet.

Pangasinan Folk Song: Malinak lay Labi

Malinak lay Labi
A night of calm
Oras la’y mareen
An hour of peace

Mapalpalna’y dagem
A gentle breeze
Katekep to’y linaew
Along with it is the dew

Samit da’y kugip ko
So sweet is my dream
Binangonan kon tampol
Suddenly I awake

Lapu’d say limgas mo
Because of your beauty
Sikan sika’y amamayoen
You are the only one I will love

Lalo la bilay
Best of all, my life
No sika la’y nanengne'ng
When it's you that I see

Napunas lan amin
All are wiped away
So ermen ya akbibiten
The sorrows that I bear

No nanonotan
When I remember
Ko la'y samit day ugalim
Of your sweet kindness

Ag ta ka nalingwanan
I will not forget you
Angga’d kauyos na bilay
Until life is gone

Malinac ya Labi (Original Version)

This Pangasinense folk love song was composed by Julian Velasco

Malinac ya Labi
Oras ya mareen
Mapalpalnay dagem
Katekep to’y linaew
Samit day koguip ko
Binangonan kon tampol
Ta pilit na pusok ya sika'y amamayoen
(Repeat)

Refrain:
Lalo la no bilay
No sikalay nanengneng
Napunas ya ami'y
Ermen ya akbibiten
No nodnonoten ko ra'y samit na ogalim
Agtaka nalingwanan
Anggad kaayos na bilay
(Repeat Refrain)

Our Father in Pangasinan

Ama mi a wala kad tawen Nagalang so ngaran Mo Onsabid sikami panarian Mo Onorey linawam diad dalin onung ed tawen. Say kanen min inagew-agew Iter mod sikami ed agew aya Tan paandian Mo ray utang mi Onung na panamaandi miy kasalanan day akapankasalanan ed sikami Tan ag Mo kami iter ed tukso Ilaban Mo kami ed mauges. Ama mi.

List of foreign words

Most of the loan words in Pangasinan are Spanish, as the Philippines was ruled by Spain for more than 300 years. Examples are lugar (place), podir (power, care), kontra (from contra, against), birdi (verde, green), ispiritu ("espíritu", spirit), and santo (holy, saint).

Dictionaries and further reading

The following is a list of some dictionaries and references:

• Lorenzo Fernández Cosgaya. Diccionario pangasinán-español and Vocabulario hispano-pangasinán (Colegio de Santo Tomás, 1865). This is available in the Internet at the University of Michigan's Humanities Text Initiative.
• Anastacio Austria Macaraeg. Vocabulario castellano-pangasinán (1898).
• Mariano Pellicer. Arte de la lengua pangasinán o caboloan (1904).
• Felixberto B. Viray. The Sounds and Sound Symbols of the Pangasinan Language (1927).
• Corporación de PP. Dominicos. Pasion Na Cataoan Tin JesuChristo (U.S.T. Press, 1951).
• Paciencia E. Versoza. Stress and Intonation Difficulties of Pangasinan Learners of English (1961).
• Paul Morris Schachter. A Contrastive Analysis of English and Pangasinan (1968).
• Richard A. Benton. Pangasinan Dictionary (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
• Richard A. Benton. Pangasinan Reference Grammar (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
• Richard A. Benton. Spoken Pangasinan (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
• Richard A. Benton. Phonotactics of Pangasinan (1972).
• Ernesto Constantino. English-Pangasinan Dictionary (1975).
• Julio F. Silverio. New English-Pilipino-Pangasinan Dictionary (1976).
• Alta Grace Q. Garcia. Morphological Analysis of English and Pangasinan Verbs (1981).
• Philippine Bible Society. Say Santa Biblia (Philippine Bible Society, 1982).
• Philippine Bible Society. Maung A Balita Para Sayan Panaon Tayo (Philippine Bible Society and United Bible Societies, 1983).
• Mario "Guese" Tungol. Modern English-Filipino Dictionary (Merriam Webster, 1993).
• Church of Christ. Say Cancanta (Church of Christ, n.d.). Includes translations of English songs like "Joy to the World," and "What A Friend We Have in Jesus."
• Emiliano Jovellanos. Pangasinan-English English-Pangasinan Dictionary (2002). The compilation has 20,000 entries.
• Mel V. Jovellanos. Pangasinan-English English-Pangasinan Language Dictionary (Corpuz Press, Calasiao, Pangasinan, March 2007).
• Traditional Folk Song. Malinak Lay Labi (Calm is the Night).

See also

• Languages of the Philippines
• Malayo-Polynesian
• Pangasinan
• Pangasinan literature
• Pangasinan people
• Swadesh list

References

External links

• Ethnologue Report for Pangasinan
• Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
• Sunday Punch
• Sun Star Pangasinan
• Pangasinan Star
• Pangasinan: Preservation and Revitalization of the Pangasinan Language and Literature
• Globalization killing Pangasinan language
• Pangasinan language is alive and kicking (Philippine Daily Inquirer, June 8, 2007)
• Dying languages
• Pangasinan-Spanish Dictionary, by Lorenzo Fernandez Cosgata, published in 1865.

Languages of the Philippines and Philippine languages National language Filipino Official languages Filipino • English Recognized regional languages Bikol • Cebuano • Chavacano (Spanish-based creole) • Hiligaynon • Ilokano • Kapampangan • Kinaray-a • Maguindanao • Maranao • Pangasinan • Tagalog • Tausug • Waray-Waray Recognized auxiliary languages Arabic • Spanish Language groups Borneo-Philippines • Northern Philippine {Northern Luzon (Batanic) • Central Luzon (Sambalic)} • Central Philippine {Bikol (Coastal • Inland • Pandan) • Visayan (Aklan • Bisakol)} • Southern Philippine (South Mindanao)